University of Wisconsin Cardiovascular Surgery: Diagnosing Esophageal Cancer

Diagnosing Esophageal Cancer

There are several ways to diagnose esophageal cancer. One way is called a barium swallow (or esophagram). It consists of a series of esophageal x-rays. Before the doctor takes the x-ray, you will drink a barium liquid that coats the esophagus. The barium will allow any irregularities in the shape of the esophagus to show up in the x-ray.

Another way is called an esophagoscopy (or endoscopy). The doctor will insert a thin, lighted tube through your mouth and down your esophagus. A camera at the end of the tube lets the doctor look inside your esophagus. You will receive an anesthetic during this procedure so you are more comfortable. Your doctor may also perform a biopsy. This involves taking a small sample of cells from your esophagus. The biopsy will show whether cancer is present.

Once esophageal cancer is diagnosed or suspected, a CT scan (computed tomography) is usually performed to determine the extent of the disease; in other words, to see if it has spread.